Friday, May 22, 2020
Critically discuss the stop and search powers of the Police - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2594 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? The purpose of this paper is to critically discuss the powers of the police in England and Wales to stop and search citizens under s1 of the police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. There are some issues still remaining that needs to be changed or altered in order to make this section of the law more compliable with the ECHR. I will also discuss these. The duty of the police is to tell the person they are searching, what they have been stopped for, what the police is searching the person for, what station they work for and their name. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critically discuss the stop and search powers of the Police" essay for you Create order However, in some cases e.g. Mustapha Osman v Southwark, it was acceptable that the police didnà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢t have a chance to introduce himself to the person as he was assaulted by the defendant. The police said that he would have introduced himself if he had the chance.[1] The police should also inform people about what they are trying to find e.g. a stolen material. There are some reasons why the person may be searched; one example is that the person may seem suspicious i.e. you seem like you are trying to hide something from the police. The person may also be asked to remove clothing e.g. asking you take your jacket, hat or coat. If taking other clothing off is necessary, the person is taken somewhere out of public e.g. police van with a police officer that is the same sex as them. This is also applied in religious situations where the person may be asked to take a turban out. [2] The powers given to police are legislated by the public; we elect to make those laws. However, they are granted some amount of their own decision and perceptions in enforcing those laws. Although these laws are limited and regulated by policy, they can still affect their powers being used disproportionately. A relevant example of this issue is the powers used against specific types of social groups.[3] à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âIn England and Wales, black people are searched seven times as often as whiteà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã .[4] The stop and search powers of the police are only suitable where the police has à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable groundsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ to be suspicious about a person carrying a weapon, a stolen property, something that could be used to cause a crime or illegal drugs. However, you can also expected to be stopped and searched if a senior police officer has given permission for the police to do so. This can take place where serious violence is about to happen, if youà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢re in a specific location or area or if youà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢re carrying a weapon or have used it. [5] The act states that powers to stop and search should only be used where a police has à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable groundsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ for suspecting. Although, reasonable suspecting is not defined by the Act, there are some guidance specified in the Code of Practice A which states that reasonable grounds for suspicion must be based objectively. For example, if a person is holding an item that has been stolen from somebody, recently in the area, then this would be a suspicion in à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable groundsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ and objective. [6] The powers of the police in stop and search are necessary to satisfy the needs of the citizens. They have been given these powers to stop and search to stop crime and prevent it from happening in order for us to live comfortably. Ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s their duty to keep the public safe and keep it away from anti-social behaviour which will also prevent acts of terrorism and will decrease the amount of crime happening.[7] The Powers given to police on stop and search must be used fairly and the police should show respect for the victims that are being searchedà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ it should be done without discrimination in order for the act to be within the lawful boundaries because The Equality Act 2010 shows that if police officers discriminate, harass or victimise under the act is then unlawful. It is à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âunlawful for police officers to discriminate against, harass or victimise any person on the grounds of the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"protected characteristicsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ of age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity and their physical appearance when using their powers.à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã The police also has the responsibility to stop unlawful discrimination, harassment and victimisation I order to build good relations with the public and be fair. Although the Section 1 of PACE already states that all stop and search must be done with a reasonable suspicion, the police seems to fail this duty. Stop and search should be accomplished by à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âreasonable suspicionà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã because ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s not fair for the particular residents that are being picked on. Police shouldnà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢t base their suspicions on their own generalisations that are not proven. This will also make the system of stop and search less effective, if people are stopped and searched depending on objective reasons, then the system will improve and the amount of people being stopped and searched will decrease leading to a more public friendly view of the police. The stop and search should be objective for it to be a reasonable suspicion. However, an unreasonable suspicion would be where the police has suspected people basing their reasoning on peopleà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s personal factors which is not objective. E.g. a personà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s age, race, colour or anything similar that has got to do with their appearance. Stereotyped thoughts about images shouldnà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢t be used as a reasonable suspicion by saying a particular type/group of people is much more likely to be involved in a criminal activity. [8] The police provide no explanation or reasoning that is reasonable to the problem of arresting people depending on their appearance. In most cases, police explains that a higher amount of black residents are involved in crime which is not supported with any evidence that is strong or acceptable.[9] Police should not be able to see this reason as acceptable because this is a generalised belief/stereotype about a certain group of people. No evidence shows that a personà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s appearance could d emonstrate that they are guilty and seeing certain groups as criminals, will diminish the amount of crime happening.[10] In January 2012, two men were convicted for murdering a black teenager Stephen Lawrence. This led to a further review of the use of police stop search powers to prevent their disproportionate because the tow murderers were racially motivated.[11] Article 5 of the ECHR is in charge of protecting human rights. Nonetheless, the stop and search does not comply with it. Despite that, Lord Binghamà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s explanation, à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"in the absence of special circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ show that some stops and searches may drop within the scope of article 5. According to that, a long lasting stop and search, lasting unreasonably long, could equal to a lack of liberty which invokes the protection of Article 5.[12] Ian Tomlinson was only an innocent passenger who collapsed and died because of a police who shoved him into the ground with a baton using his power excessively leading to an unlawful death of Tomlinson. [13] If similar acts happen and keep happening, it will certainly be published into media, reaching out to citizens which will make public feel uncomfortable and lead to public not trusting the police. The problem is that the police is still acting depending on their own perceptions of suspiciousness to guess who the victim could be. Even if the police acts within the rules, the attitude and beliefs which lie in their suspicions will influence the way stop and search is being done. They still judge victims depending on their past convictions. However, it may be argued that in very few cases police is not wrong in finding someone suspicious when acting upon their instincts but this is very rare and this could be why some people may think this is a à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonableà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ conduct. This is not appropriately effective in terms of privacy as privacy is essential for stop and search. However, using à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable groundsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ without own perceptions is much more effective and this is presumably the best option in order to increase the efficiency of stop and search. Although the police powers in stop and search should be diminished, it should be diminished to a point where ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s proportional to create a balance between the rights of the individual and the needs of the society. To diminish the amount of power used by police on the citizens in this area, the Equality Act come into force. One of the element of this act is to prohibit victimisation. [14] However, the act of the police breaches the Equality Act; it prohibits victimisation and what police are doing are simply going against that. SECTIONS 44 45 OF THE TERRORISM ACT 2000 The power given to police in Section 44 of the Terrorism Act is being used to discriminate people from other backgrounds specifically on black men and young Muslims. Also photographers and peaceful protestors are seen as victims which is another variety of victims being included in the violation. This is because the act states that police can stop and search anyone in a selected area without needing to prove a reasonable suspicion which is a violation of the Article 8 of the ECHR.[15] The stop and search powers given to police IN England and Wales are excessively overused as only 9 percent of the 1 million victims every year result in an arrest which indicate that the powers given to police are used ineffectively or are simply used in a wrong manner. However, this does not mean that the police is not using reasonable grounds to stop and search someone as reasonable grounds can also include the personà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s behaviour or for example, stopping someone because they match the description of the person. Also for example, it would be reasonable to stop someone if there was a high number of burglaries happening in that area. [16] In the ECtHR, the decision clearly stated that continuing to use the s44 stop and search powers would be unlawful. Therefore, the Government introduced a Review of Counter-terrorism and Security Powers which is a review that discusses some concerns including the need for terrorism stop and search powers necessitating to comply with the ECHR. The two options recommended were either a whole repeal or a more definite and specific power that is tighter and clearer. The repeal option was rejected due to the reason that there was an on-going need for stop and search powers concerning terrorism that didnà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢t involve the presence of a reasonable suspicion. Due to this reason, the review concluded that the power to stop and search people and vehicles without à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable suspicionà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ was à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"operationally justifiedà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ the recommendations were given effect by Terrorism act 2000 (Remedial) 2011.[17],[18] In conclusion, I believe that the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable groundsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ should be defined and a very open and clear meaning should be built for it. [19] Another relevant point I want to raise is that the police are thinking too subjectively when stopping and searching. This should be changed by educating the police thoroughly about what the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable groundsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ to stop and search are. The police thinking subjectively about stop and search is wrong and this can be changed and lead to a better suspicion of crimes if police are educated about objective thinking. [20] Promoting freedom is violated in the community level as some groups may suffer the fear of being stopped-searched in public. This could be classed as a violation of the personà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s freedom which could be improved. Continuing to use the s44 to stop and search would be unlawful. Therefore, the stop and search powers need to be tightened up in order for it to be more effective. This means that the police can use their powers where ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s been suspected reasonably that terrorism will occur. For that reason, the law needs to provide specific and a clear meaning of a à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable suspicionà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ to force the police to know their rights. This will be an official statutory meaning which means that police will think psychologically that if they breach the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable suspicionà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ they know that they are going against the law. However, as there is no clear meaning to à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"reasonable suspicionà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ the police are thinking that they not breaching the Article 5 or breaching the Article because they havenà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢t got enough knowledge about it. Therefore, by creating a definite meaning of a reasonable suspi cion, the police will think that ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s necessary rather than only expedient for the act of terrorism occurring. [21] Relaxing the limits might just encourage the police to exceed their powers even more. Then this may lead to the police basing their general suspicions by taking part in more random stops. Due to this, general suspicion could become the main reason for non-stops and this will probably worsen the situation. On the other hand, tightening up of the law may not be effectively possible. For instance, the police talking to people with the persons consent should never be prevented as the police is experienced and they know what they are doing and asking the person, which could lead to the police gaining clues.[22] To change the attitude of police by education and training is a good way of avoiding unreasonable suspecting of citizens and therefore, lead to a more effective policing system. Bibliography David Mery à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Halting section 44 stop and search powers https://www.blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php/expert-opinion-mainmenu-127/812-halting-section-44-stop-and-search-powers https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/contents https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Ian_Tomlinson#cite_note-Starmerreview-7 https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/raceinbritain/ehrc_stop_and_search_report.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/section/1 https://www.rjerrard.co.uk/law/cases/osman.htm https://www.adviceguide.org.uk/england/law_e/law_legal_system_e/law_police_e/police_powers.htm#h_stop_and_search 1 [1] . Mustapha Osman v Southwark Judgment of the Court CO/2318/98; (1999) The Times, 1 July, Queens Bench [2]: Police powers: stop and search https://www.adviceguide.org.uk/england/law_e/law_legal_system_e/law_police_e/police_powers.htm#h_stop_and_search accessed 13 January 2014. [3] Section 3 [4] Ben Ferguson and Guy Grandjean à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Stop and Search; on the streets with the Policeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢. The Guardian, 20 Oct. 2013. www.theguardian.com/law/2013/oct20/stop-and-search-streets-police accessed 25 December 2013. [5] Police powers to stop and search: your rights https://www.gov.uk/police-powers-to-stop-and-search-your-rights accessed on 11 January 2014. [6] Parpworth, Neil.Constitutional and Administrative Law. Oxford: Oxford UP, p. 454 2012 [7] Section 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. [8] Parpworth, Neil.Constitutional and Administrative Law. Oxford: Oxford UP, p. 454 2012 [9] Stop and think A critical review of the use of sto p and search powers in England and Wales, March 2010 [10] Hammond Mark https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/news/2013/november/new-research-shows-slow-improvement-in-police-use-of-stop-and-search/ 11 November 2013. [11] Taylor Chris, Constitutuional and Administrative Law, 3rd ed, 2013. [12] Gillan and Quinton v UK, 2010, para 18 [13] Statement from Keir Starmer, The Guardian, 24 May 2011 [14] Equality Act 2007 à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" Section 27 [15] David Mery à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Halting section 44 stop and search powers https://www.blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php/expert-opinion-mainmenu-127/812-halting-section-44-stop-and-search-powers [16] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23228019 bbc 9 July 2013 [17] Theresa May MP, Review of counter-terrorism and security Powers, Cm 8004, 18-19, 2011. [18] Parpworth, Neil.Constitutional and Administrative Law. Oxford: Oxford UP, p. 39 2012 [19] Stop and Search The Way Forward Conference Report Lewisham Community Police Co nsultative Group https://www.lewisham.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/StopAndSearchPart2.pdf [20] Stop and Search The Way Forward Conference Report Lewisham Community Police Consultative Group https://www.lewisham.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/StopAndSearchPart2.pdf [21] Parpworth, Neil.Constitutional and Administrative Law. Oxford: Oxford UP, p. 39 2012 [22] Sanders Andrew, Young Richard and Burton Mandy, Criminal Justice, 4th ed. Oxford UP, 1994.
Saturday, May 9, 2020
Theory of Perception and Its Implications for Marketers
Executive Summary In the past, Australians have perceived potatoes as boring, time-consuming to cook, and high in carbohydrates. This negative perception resulted in a decreasing consumption and an inferior image of potatoes. Among other national and regional boards, Western Potatoes is now trying to change customersââ¬â¢ negative perception. This report examined Western Potatoes marketing campaign for the years 2008 and 2009. It was the aim of the report to evaluate, whether the undertaken actions of Western Potatoes were appropriate with respect to the existing theories and concepts of perception. In addition the report proposed possible recommendations for ameliorations. The first section reviewed the contemporary literature in order toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The last part of chapter three will then discuss these actions in the context of perception theory. The report will finalize with possible recommendations and a conclusion. 2. Theory of Perception 2.1 Definition of Perception Perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organizing sensory information (Spector 2006). The environment is constantly projecting stimuli and adds continuously new perceptions to our existing picture of the world. The input factors for perception are all stimuli that can be observed by any of the humanââ¬â¢s senses (Schiffman et. al. 2008). This represents an almost infinite number of discrete sensations that people are exposed to every day. Examples are TV commercials, the smell of your friendââ¬â¢s perfume or the taste of food. Together with an individualââ¬â¢s past experiences, one or several stimuli will form a unique personal picture of the world. This is one reason why the same stimulus does not result in the same outcome for every person. 2.2 The Stages of Perception The following section will describe the three different stages of perception: Selection, organization and interpretation of stimuli. Perception: As mentioned in the previous section, the number of stimuli that people are exposed to is almost infinite. For this reason not all stimuli can be processed and therefore a selection of stimuli is necessary. Organization: This is theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of F. Herzberg Engine1687 Words à |à 7 Pages- The theory of F. Herzberg engine Frederick Herzberg has developed theory of two-factor to distinguish the factors causing dissatisfaction (hygiene factors) and the factors that create satisfaction (motivators). This theory has two implications. First, the seller must restrain factors causing dissatisfaction, such as poor quality user manuals or services. These de-motivators do not help sell services/ products but they can make the products/services cannot be sell. Secondly,hospitality organizationsRead MoreEthics in International Environments Essays1348 Words à |à 6 Pagesmarketing poses many dilemmas and this is because value judgments differ among different cultures. What is fully accepted as right in one country is completely wrong in another country. Upon a close look of existing ethical frameworks, international marketers cannot fully depend on universal ethical norms like hyper norms. In spite of this, basic moral value should be used in assessing international marketing ethics (Nejdet, 1995). It is claimed that only those business that focus on profit maximizationRead MoreThe Effect Of The Modern Production Consumption Chain Essay1612 Words à |à 7 Pagesmodels and supply chains. While some companies may choose to make this investment, other competitors opt to invest in deceptive marketing strategies which greenwash their products to mislead consumers. The purpose of this report is to examine the implications of greenwashing on marketing strategy and consumer behavior. Greenwashing is defined as the act of misleading consumers regarding the environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a product or service. In fact, more thanRead MoreA Specific Area Of Consumer Behaviour, Personality And The Self, And How Marketers1568 Words à |à 7 PagesA common method marketers use to attract consumers to their products is based around theories in psychology and consumer behaviour. This essay will be focusing on a specific area of consumer behaviour; perso nality and the self, and how marketers have used an understanding of this to develop brands that purposely appeal to certain consumer groups. Real company examples will be used to explore the different ways in which this understanding has been applied and to consequently establish what this meansRead MoreIs Service Marketing Different Form Product1442 Words à |à 6 Pagescustomer. Many services marketers strongly maintain that service marketing is essentially different from product marketing and that different skills are involved. However, many traditional product marketers disagree, saying, ââ¬Å"Good marketing is Good marketing.â⬠This assignment provides a summary of the description of the debate ââ¬ËIs Service Marketing Different from Product Marketing?ââ¬â¢ indications of possible views, demonstrate the application, and recognize the business implication/significance. BeingRead MoreHow Does Involvement Can Make Products Differentiate From Them?1452 Words à |à 6 Pagesfew other theories relevant to involvement are lightly discussed. Relating involvement with motivation Involvement and motivations go hand in hand when it comes to purchasing decisions. It may by low involvement, and it may be high. The same goes for the level of motivation. Elements that acts as a bridge between the two are emotion and knowledge. When emotions arise, emotional states are activated. To reduce or prevent unpleasant emotions, marketers use emotion reduction. One theory that talksRead MoreSubcultures and Subcultural Marketing1424 Words à |à 6 PagesSubcultural Marketing Introduction We are brought up to follow the beliefs, values, and customs of our society and to avoid behavior that is judged ââ¬Å"unacceptableâ⬠or considered to be taboo. In addition to segmenting in terms of cultural factors, marketers also segment overall societies into smaller subgroups or subcultures that consist of people who are similar in terms of their ethnic origin, their customs, and the ways they behave. These subcultures provide important marketing opportunities forRead MoreMarketing Strategies for Luxury Brands2075 Words à |à 9 Pagesfashion brand perfume market, consumer behaviour has important implications for the design of a successful marketing strategy. This paper will outline which key factors marketers should attempt to influence in the design of a marketing strategy to introduce a new luxury brand perfume to the market. Through the use of product positioning, identifying buying groups and the target market, extensive advertising and operant conditioning marketers can manipulate the consumer decision-making process togetherRead MoreMotivation, Personality, Perception, Attitude2396 Words à |à 10 Pagesgoals. Although some psychologists have suggested that individuals have different need priorities, others believe that most human beings experience the same basic needs, to which they assign a similar priority ranking. Maslows hierarchy-of-needs theory proposes five levels of human needs: physiological needs, safely needs, social needs, egoistic needs, and self-actualization needs. Other needs widely integrated into consumer advertising include the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement.Read MoreCognitive Process And Consumer Behavior And Purchasing Choices1746 Words à |à 7 PagesReferencesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.10 COGNITIVE PROCESS RESEARCH RELATED TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND PURCHASING CHOICES CONCEPT OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Consumers are the users of final products and services made available in the business market place, marketers drive to use behavioral research of consumer patterns to determine and support decision making processes when undergoing market research for a product or service. Based on the ââ¬ËConsumer Psychologyââ¬â¢ research by (Jansson-Boyd, 2010) consumer behavior
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Broken Home Free Essays
The effects of broken homes on children are traumatic. Broken homes can cause children to question their self-worth, to experience unnecessary grief, guilt and/or confusion. Young children especially, have difficulty understanding the rationalities of their parentsââ¬â¢ decisions to divorce. We will write a custom essay sample on Broken Home? or any similar topic only for you Order Now All they know is that their parents used to live together and now they donââ¬â¢t, used to ââ¬Å"loveâ⬠each other and now they donââ¬â¢t. Children often take responsibility for parentsââ¬â¢ decisions to divorce. They conclude that they were the cause of the quarrels and ensuing divorce. They question whether or not their parents love them or are mad at them. It is so important for children to have a stable home life. In a broken home it is difficult for children to find a sense of security because experience shows them that what seemed stable and good fell to pieces and left them feeling empty, yet full of questions. Growing up in a broken home may also cause children to have difficulty in future relationships and cause them to struggle with the issue of trust. People who grew up in broken homes and get married are also more likely to end up divorced because their parents didnââ¬â¢t provide a healthy model of marriage. They saw parents end disputes with divorce rather than working through them together. They may run from commitment or avoid relationships all together. They may also develop a emotion of fear toward marriage because they do not want to relive the grief they experienced as a child, nor do they want to have children and risk putting them through the same hurtful circumstances. broken home | | a house containing a family that is set apart due to tensions and certain problems. ex: a kidââ¬â¢s parents constantly fight and he/she feels lonely, depressed, angry. that is a product of a broken home, who may usually get away from the problems by doing bad things (drugs,drink,etcâ⬠¦ ). | How to cite Broken Home?, Papers
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)